LSU Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 74%. Located in Baton Rouge, LSU is the main campus of the Louisiana State University system. The school occupies a 2,000-acre campus on the banks of the Mississippi River. The campus is defined by its stunning Italian Renaissance architecture, red roofs, ​and abundant oak trees. LSU undergraduates can choose from over 70 bachelors degree programs, and fields in business, communications, and education are among the most popular. The university has a 20-to-1  student/faculty ratio. On the athletic front, the LSU Tigers compete in NCAA Division I  Southeastern Conference. Considering applying to LSU? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-17 admissions cycle, Louisiana State University had an acceptance rate of 74%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 74 students were admitted, making LSUs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 24,280 Percent Admitted 74% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 32% SAT Scores and Requirements LSU requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 12% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 540 640 Math 530 650 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of LSUs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to LSU scored between 540 and 640, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 640. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 530 and 650, while 25% scored below 530 and 25% scored above 650. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1290 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at LSU. Requirements LSU does not superscore the SAT; the admissions office will consider your highest composite score from a single test date. Note that LSU does not require the writing component of the SAT unless you want to be considered for the LSU Ogden Honors College. ACT Scores and Requirements Louisiana State University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 88% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 23 31 Math 22 27 Composite 23 29 This admissions data tells us that most of LSUs admitted students fall within the top 31% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to LSU received a composite ACT score between 23 and 29, while 25% scored above 29 and 25% scored below 23. Requirements LSU does not require the writing component of the ACT unless you want to be considered for the LSU Ogden Honors College. Note that LSU does not superscore the ACT; the admissions office will consider your highest composite score from a single test date. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for incoming Louisiana State University freshman was 3.43, and most admitted students had average GPAs ranging from 3.0 to 4.0. These results suggest that most successful applicants to LSU have primarily B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph LSU Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Louisiana State University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Louisiana State University, which accepts almost three-quarters of applicants, has a slightly selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. However, LSU has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. LSU is looking for an upward trend in grades combined with a  rigorous course schedule. They are also looking for  participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities and a glowing letter of recommendation. Applicants to LSU should note that the Common Application personal essay is optional. Most successful LSU applicants have grades and standardized test scores that are at least a little above average. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. The majority of admitted students had an ACT composite score of 21  or higher and a combined SAT score of about 1050 or higher (ERWM). Youll also notice that successful applicants tended to have high school averages of B or better. Higher test scores and grades obviously improve your chances of getting an acceptance letter, and almost no students with A averages and above average ACT scores were rejected. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Louisiana State Universitys Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide - 1645 Words

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are actions at the core of what it means to be human - the moral and ethical actions that make us who we are, or who we ought to be. Euthanasia, a subject known in the twenty-first century, is subject to many discussions about ethical permissibility, which date back to as far as ancient Greece and Rome. It was not until the Hippocratic School removed the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide from medical practice. Euthanasia in itself raises many ethical dilemmas – such as, is it ethical for a doctor to assist a terminally ill patient in ending his life? Under what circumstances, if any, is euthanasia considered ethically appropriate? More so, euthanasia raises the argument of the different ideas that people have about the value of the human experience. Ezekial Emanuel asserts that the ethical belief, thoughts in the 19th and 20th century in the United States are reminiscent of those today, both in terms of content and ferocity. Emanuel adds that interest in euthanasia arises historically and predictably from (1) economic recession or in movements of Social Darwinism; (2) doctors are engaged in a struggle with society over their medical-authority and profession; and (3) terminating life-sustaining practices become part of standard medical practice, and there is a desire then to extend this to active euthanasia. Arguably, all three situations met by the end of the 20th century. The rise of managed care, the increase ofShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia2323 Words   |  10 PagesAssisted Suicide Assisted suicide is the act of deliberately assisting or encouraging another person to kill themselves (Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide , 2014). When talking about assisted suicide there are two types: Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) and Euthanasia. Although they both have very similar goals but, they differ in which role the physician has in the action that finally ends life. Euthanasia can be defined as â€Å"the act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and sufferingRead MoreEuthanasia - Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia843 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Health Law Institute at Dalhousie University, assisted suicide is â€Å"the act of intentionally killing oneself with the assistance of another who provides the knowledge, means or both.† Euthanasia is a â€Å"deliberate act undertaken by one person with the intention of ending the life of another person to relieve that person’s suffering where the act is the cause of death (Health Law). As of Jun e 17, 2016, both assisted suicide and euthanasia are legal in Canada as long as the established criteriaRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia1811 Words   |  8 Pagestopics of debate comes the question of legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide. Debates and courts have raged on with this impending question. Naturally, those for it stand on the question, â€Å"is it not right to offer someone a peaceful death?† No one wishes to pass away painfully and no one wants a love one to die horrifically either, therefore it is easy to agree on mercy. Even so, it does not change the fact that euthanasia and assisted suicide, whether done by good efforts or not, is wrong. JustRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Euthanasia Suicide1578 Words   |  7 Pagesissues is assisted suicide. Physician assisted suicide (PAS) has been an important ethical concern in medicine in recent years. It is important to understand the various forms of assisted suicide, the legality of assist ed suicide as well as the implications it may have for patient as well as healthcare professionals alike. When considering assisted suicide there are several different definitions that may fall into this general term. Often times â€Å"assisted suicide† is confused with â€Å"euthanasia†. Tamayo-VelazquezRead MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia2262 Words   |  10 PagesUnited States that prohibits euthanasia and assisted suicide— euthanasia is the act of assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease (Macionis 402-403); however, assisted suicide and euthanasia are not the same thing. The law denying euthanasia and assisted suicide brought conflicts because Brittany wanted to pass peacefully. In order to fulfill her wish, Brittany and her husband moved to Oregon, a state that allows euthanasia and assisted suicide with the â€Å"Death With DignityRead MoreThe Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1505 Words   |  7 Pageshave an assisted suicide death, which could cause several issue with the family members. Or if the child of the ill or elderly parent has to decide whether their mom or dad should go forward with active euthanasia, could also cause some issues amongst the family. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is a way for family members and friends to be able to say their goodbyes to their loved one and know that they won’t be suffering for much longer. First, this essay is going to explore what euthanasia and assistedRead MoreAssisted Suicide and Euthanasia856 Words   |  3 PagesSuicide is a very hard issue to deal with in this world. Just thinking about any individual case raises so many questions. What causes these people to deem their lives useless? Do they really have no one? Are their day-to-day lives that miserable? And of course, is the act of suicide ever justifiable? The last question is probably the toughest to answer, and has been debated for a long time. Is it selfish to take your own life? Some would believe that everyone in this world has a special place inRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide910 Words   |  4 PagesBackground about Euthanasia in The Netherlands. Patients Rights Council. Patients Rights Council, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. This website address euthanasia, assisted suicide, advance directive, disability rights, pain control, and more. This article features background information on euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, for euthanasia or assisted suicide to be legal, â€Å"The patient must be experiencing unbearable pain†¦ must be conscious, The death request must beRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Euthanasia Is Not An Act Of Euthanasia916 Words   |  4 Pagessuffering. For this reason, physician assisted suicide and euthanasia are compassionate responses to a terminally ill patient’s unbearable suffering. By definition, assisted suicide is when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it is a doctor who helps another person to kill themselves it is called physician assisted suicide. Euthanasia is the intentional killing by act orRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1755 Words   |  8 PagesIsabella Costa Simao Professor James Kershner English Composition I (ENL 101-02) April 23, 2015 Research Paper Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Death is always a sensitive subject to talk about. That we are all going to one day die is certain. What is unknown is the condition under which it is going to happen. The process of dying is never easy, neither for the individual that is on his or her last stage of live, nor for the family and friends that have to watch someone they love going

Engineering Drawing Short Questions Free Essays

Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers? Ans1:-A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing purposes is an engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering Drawing Short Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read, and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions. Q2 – Name different types of drawing instruments. Ans2 – Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc. Q3 – Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line? Ans3 – The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform thickness throughout. Q4 – How will you test the set square and T-square? Ans4 – Testing of T-square – (i) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary (ii) In order to check the T-square, first of all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-square and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. If both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of Tsquare is alright. If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife. Testing of set-squares – The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper. Q5 – What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I. S. I. and which is suitable for drawing work? Ans5 – The standard size of sheets according to I. S. I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 841 X 594), A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i. e. A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work in class. Q6 – What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work? Ans6 – There are two ways of sh arpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for making the engineering drawing. Q7 – Why cello-tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day? Ans7 – Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape. Q8 – What is layout of drawing sheet? Ans8 – The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet. Q9 – Why is the layout of sheet is necessary? Ans9 – Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information. Q10 – List out the contents of title block and material list Ans10 – The title block should contain at least the following informations. (i) Name of the institution (ii) Name of title of drawing (iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student (iv) Scale (v) Drawing number (vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection Q11 – What is the necessity of folding a drawing print? Ans11 – Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner. Q12 – What do you mean by convention or code? Ans12 – The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw. Q13 – What do you understand by thickness of lines? Ans13 – There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line. Q14 – Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing? Ans14 – The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object. Q15 – What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials? Ans15 – Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally shown in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view of whole length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale. The exact length of the member is shown by the dimension. Q16 – Why the conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing? Ans16 – The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on the drawing. Q17 – What are the main requirements of lettering? Ans17:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter. 2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters. 3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters. 4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences. Q18 – What is lettering? Ans18 – The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦0 etc. is known as lettering. Q19 – What do you mean by composition of letters? Ans19 – The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences. The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters of a word appears equal to the eye judgement. Q20 – What do you mean by uniformity of letters? Ans20 – The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing. Q21 – What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering? Ans21 – Normal lettering: – The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0. 67 times of the height of the letter. Compressed lettering: – The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less than height. Extended lettering: – The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but of the same height. Q22 – What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering? Ans22:- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity of the letters. Q23 – What do you mean by single stroke letters? Ans 23:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types. 1) Vertical 2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal) Q24 – What is the gothic and roman lettering? Ans24 – Gothic lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups. (i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering (ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering Roman lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined. Q25 – What do you mean by freehand lettering? Ans25 – The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types. a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering. (i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering. (ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering. (b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering. (iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering. (iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering. Q26 – What should be the grade of pencil used for lettering? Ans26 – HB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To keep the stroke of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as 2H or 3H should be used to draw guidelines. Q27 – What is the importance of dimensioning? Ans27:-1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object. 2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements. 3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the part given to be assembled. Q28 – What is dimensioning? Ans28 – The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is known as dimensioning. Q29 – What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning? Ans29 – The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads, dimension figures, notes, symbols etc. Q30 – What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn? Ans30 – A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is placed within the outline of the object. The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle, usually 30? , 45? , and 60? but not less than 30?. Q31 – Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions. Ans31 – Size dimension – The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as length, breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by letter ‘S’. Figure. Location dimension – The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w. r. t. the other feature are known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from the edges are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter ‘L’. Figure. Q32 – What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning? Or What are the different methods of dimensioning? Ans32:-1) Aligned Method: – In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Figure. 2) Unidirectional Method: – In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions. Figure. Q33 – What are the general rules of dimensioning? Ans33:-1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated. 2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views. 3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible. 4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing. 5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended. Q34 – Explain with simple sketches, the methods of dimensioning (i) circles (ii) radii (iii) angles (iv) spherical shapes (v) holes. Ans34 – Q35 – Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and (iii) combined dimensioning. Ans35 – Chain Dimensioning – In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line. Figure. Parallel dimensioning – In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common base line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the extension lines do not cross dimensions lines. Figure. Combined dimensioning – Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of chain and parallel dimensioning. Figure. Q36 – What is a scale? Ans36:-A scale is defined as the proportion by which we either reduce or increases the actual size of the object on a drawing. ) Full size scale:-The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to same size on the drawing is known as full size scale. 2) Reducing scale: – The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. 3) Enlarging scale: – The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion is known as enlarging scale. Q37 – What is the representative fraction (R. F. ) or scale factor (S. F. )? Ans37:-The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the Representative fraction. R. F. = Dimension of an object on sheet / Actual dimension of an object Q38 – What are the main uses of scale? Ans38 – The following are the main uses of scale in engineering practice. (i) The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings. (ii) The scales are used to set off dimensions. (iii) The scales are used to measure distances directly. Q39 – What are the information necessary for scale? Ans39 – To construct a scale, the following informations are necessary. (i) The representative fraction (R. F. ) of the scale. (ii) The units to be presented either in metric or British measures. iii) The maximum length of the scale. Q40 – What is difference between plane scale and diagonal scale? Ans40:-Plain Scale:-A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm , m and dm, etc. Diagonal Scale:- A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such as 0. 1 mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units; for example dm, cm, and mm. Q41 – What is the principle of a diagonal scale? Ans41: – The principle of diagonal scale is to divide a short line into any number of equal parts by following the diagonal division’s method of construction. Q42 – What is the difference between a quadrilateral and a polygon? Ans42 – Quadrilateral – A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines and containing four angles. Polygon – A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight lines and containing more than four angles. Q43 – What is the difference between a parallelogram and a rhombus? Ans43 – Parallelogram – A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are equal and parallel. Rhombus – A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal and the angles are not right angles. However, in this case the opposite angles are equal. Q44 – What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons? Ans44 – Regular polygon – A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are equal. Irregular polygon – An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are not equal. Q45– Name the principal planes of projections. Ans45:-There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or principle planes of projections. These planes intersect at right angles to each other. These are 1) Vertical plane: – The plane which is vertical is called vertical plane and is denoted by V. P. Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane. 2) Horizontal plane:-The plane which is horizontal and at right angle to the V. P is called Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H. P. Q46:- What is the principle of projection? Ans46:-If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object. Q47 – What is ground line (G. L. ) or intersection or reference line? Ans47:-The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i. e. VP and HP is called reference or intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line. Q48 – What is an auxiliary view? Ans48:-The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an object is called auxiliary view. Q49 – What do you understand by missing lines? Ans49 – The lines which are added in the given orthographic projection in order to complete the drawing of an object are called missing lines. Q50 – What do you understand by missing views? Ans50 – The view which is added in the given orthographic projections in order to complete the drawing of an object is called missing views. Q51 – What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing? Ans51 – The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an imaginary cutting plane is known as sectional view. Sectional views are used in drawing to show the interior details of the object, which are not visible to the observer from outside. Q52 – What is a cutting plane or section plane? Ans52:- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and either perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. These planes are represented by their traces. Q53 – What are section or hatching lines? Ans53 – The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are called section lines. They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced lines inclined at 45? to the horizontal. Q54 – What do you mean by sections of solids? Ans54 – the solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional details of the invisible features are known as section of solids. Q55 – What is apparent section? Ans55:- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent section. Q56 – What is true section? Ans56:- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of the section. Q57 – How will you classify sections of solids? Or What are the different positions of a section plane w. r. t. two reference lines? Or What are the types of sections of solids? Ans57:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. 2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. 3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes. 4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes. 5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane. Q58 – What do you understand by V. T. and H. T. of section plane? Ans58 – Horizontal trace (H. T) – H. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H. P. Vertical trace (V. T. ) – V. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V. P. Q59 – What do you mean by Frustum? Ans59 – When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum. Q60 – What do you mean by truncated? Ans60 – When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated. Q61 – What do you understand by intersection of surfaces? Ans61 – The lines or curves which are formed when surfaces of two solids intersect with each other are known as intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Q62 – What are the lines or curve of intersection or interpenetration? Ans62:- When a solid penetrates into another solid, their surfaces meet in a line called the line or curve of intersection or interpenetration. Q63 – Give the practical applications of the intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Ans63:- It is used in (i) sheet metal shop (ii) pipe fittings (iii) boiler fittings (iv) aeroplane construction (e. g. wings, fuse lags etc. ) (v) Automobile layout works (e. g. body wheel house, chairs etc. Q64 – Name the methods of plotting the lines of intersection or inter-penetration of solids? Ans64:- 1) Line method or piercing point method 2) Cutting plane method Q65:- How will you classify the intersecting surfaces? Ans65:-1) the intersection of plane surfaces 2) The intersection of two curved surfaces 3) The intersection of a plane surface and a curved surface Q66 – What do you mean by development of surfaces? Ans66:- A layout of the com plete surface of a three dimensional object on a plane surface is called its development or pattern. Q67:- What is stretch out or girth line? Ans67:- The stretch out or girth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns of objects having a constant cross section for their full length. e. g. prisms and cylinders. Q68 – What is the principle of development? Ans68 – The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which development is required. Q69 – What are the different methods of development of surfaces? Ans69:- 1) Parallel line development 2) Radial line development 3) Triangulation development 4) Approximate method Q70 – Why the true lengths of slant edges are determined? Ans70 – The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed. Q71 – What are the applications of development of surfaces? Ans71:- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes from flat surfaces in sheet metal shops, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc. Q72 – What is a point? Ans72 – A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very small circle or dot. Q73 – What do you mean by octants? Ans73 – When the three planes i. e. H. P. , V. P. and P. P. divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants. Q74 – What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle projection is recommended by B. I. S. now a days? Or What are the types of orthographic projections? Ans74:-First angle projection:-In this projection the object is assumed to be ituated in first quadrant, i. e. in front of V. P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is Figure. Third angle projection: – In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that is below HP and behind VP . The front view comes below the XY line and the top view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B. I. S and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983. Figure. Q75 – Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants? Ans75 – The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views. Q76 – When the auxiliary planes are used? Ans76 – The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the inclined surface. Q77 – What are the types of auxiliary planes? Ans77:-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes are of two types. 1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A. V. P. ):-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP. Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view. 2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A. I. P. ):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP. Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view. Q78 – Define a straight line. Ans78 – A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points. Q79:- What is true length of a line? Ans79:-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the ther, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length. Q80 – What do you mean by projections of a straight line? Ans80:-To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projection of a straight line. Q81:- What is inclination of a straight line? Ans81:-It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations i. e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle and inclination of a line with VP is represented by an angle . Q82 – What are the apparent angles of inclinations? Ans82 – The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. Q83 – Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line. Ans83:-The following methods are used when the line is inclined to both the reference planes. 1) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3) Trapezoid method. Q84 – What are skew lines? Ans84:-Any two lines that are not parallel with each other and do not intersect are called skew lines. Q85 – What is the trace of a straight line? Ans85:-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace. 1) Horizontal trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace. Q86 – Define a plane. Ans86:-A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. has only two dimensions i. e. length and breadth. Q87 – What is the difference between a plane and a lamina? Ans87:-Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions. Lamina:-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. Q88 – What are the types of planes? Ans88:-There are two types of planes. 1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i. e. VP and HP are called perpendicular planes. 2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i. e. VP and HP are called oblique planes. Q89 – What is the trace of a plane? Ans89:-The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i. e. HP and VP are called the traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes. 1) Horizontal trace:-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace. Q90 – What is a solid? Ans90 – An object having three dimensions i. e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E. g. Prisms, Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc. Q91 – What are different types of solids? Ans91:- Solids may be divided into two main groups. ) Polyhedra or polyhedron: – A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. Which meet in straight lines called edges? 2) Solids of revolution: – The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are known as solids of revolution. e. g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc. Q92:- What are right solids? Ans92:- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces. Q93 – What are oblique solids? Ans93:- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90? to its base or end faces, it is called as an oblique solid. Q94:- What are regular solids? Ans94:- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form regular plane figures, it is said to be a regular solid. Q95 – What is the difference between prism and pyramid? Ans95:- 1) Prism:- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases, parallel to each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms. 2) Pyramid: – A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of triangular faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point called the apex or vertex. Q96 – What are the various positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes? Ans96 – The following are the different positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes. (i) The solid resting on base on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to H. P. , and parallel to V. P. (ii) The solid resting on face on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to V. P. , and parallel to H. P. (iii) The solids resting on face on H. P. , with its axis parallel to H. P. and V. P. (iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other. v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i. e. , H. P. and V. P. Q97:- What is an isometric view? Ans97:- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally inclined to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view. Q98:- What is an isometric scale? Ans98:- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as isometric scale. Q99 – What are isometric axis? Ans99 – The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120? ngles with each other are termed as isometric axis. Q100:- What are isometric and non isometric lines? Ans100:- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines which are not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines. Q101 – What are iso-metric planes? Ans101 – The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the cube as well as the other planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes. Q102 – Give the various positions of isometri c axis. Ans102 – The various positions of isometric axis are as follows. Figure. How to cite Engineering Drawing Short Questions, Papers

Pestel Analysis of Kingfisher Beer free essay sample

Ambidexterity is the ability to use both your hands with equal ease or facility, but if youre armless, it could be your feet! In fact, it is quite advantageous in certain sports and martial arts to be able to use both your feet with equal facility. The Greeks encouraged and tried to promote ambidexterity because it was simply logical in sports and battle to be adept with both hands instead of one. By combining the Phoenician style of writing right to left with their own left to right system, the Greeks created a reading and writing system called boustrophedon, where the lines ran alternately right-to-left and left-to-right. With alternating sweeps of the eyes back and forth, reading was more swift and efficient. Michelangelo (1475-1564) was a multi-faceted genius like Leonardo da Vinci. He often painted with both hands. When one got tired, he switched to the other. British artist, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer (1802-1873) could draw with both hands simultaneously a horses head with one hand and a stags head with the other. He taught drawing and etching to Queen Victoria who was a lefty that became ambidextrous. Fleming, Einstein and Tesla were all ambidextrous. Benjamin Franklin was also ambidextrous and signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution with his left hand. U. S. 20th president, James Garfield was a well educated backwoodsman born in a log cabin. Although he could write with either hand with equal ease, he could also write Greek with his left hand and Latin with his right hand simultaneously! Harry Kahne demonstrated his mental dexterity in 1922 by performing several mental operations simultaneously. While one hand was writing mirror language, the other hand intermingled upside down and backward letters. Rats given diverse and enriched environments have more connective dendritic spines to their neurons and overall heavier brains than rats exposed to dull, unchallenging environments. Left-handed and ambidextrous people have 11% larger corpus callosa (the bundle of nerve fibers joining the right and left sides of the brain) than right handed people. An autopsy of Einsteins brain revealed a larger profusion of superficial capillaries interlacing the cerebral cortex than the average brain, as well as an additional amount of glial cells. Obviously the more we use and exercise our brain, the more it physically grows. The following exercises are designed to task the little used areas of the brain to allow such growth. To be able to use both hands equally well, practice is the key. During the day, use your left hand more (if youre right-handed) by consciously switching when youre about ready to do something pouring a glass of milk, bouncing a ball, flipping and picking up coins, hammering a nail, cutting and buttering bread, stirring your coffee, swirling water in a glass, twisting off bottle caps, etc. Wherever you would use your one hand, use the other instead putting a key in the door, combing your hair, brushing your teeth, shaving, grasping objects, etc. When putting on your clothes, put your other hand or foot into the garment first. Thread your belt around your waist in the opposite direction. Put your watch on your other hand. Use your other hand in sports hitting a baseball or a tennis ball, throwing a football, shooting a basketball, etc. Practice stirring 2 cups of tea simultaneously, swirling 2 half filled glasses of water clockwise and counterclockwise, and bouncing two balls at the same time. Get used to the kinesthetic feeling of using the muscles of both your hands and arms together. Catch 2 balls thrown to you at the same time. Throw 2 paper wads at the same time into the same paper basket one underhand and the other overhand. Throw 2 darts simultaneously at a dart board with both hands. Write with both hands at the same time. Draw a butterfly, a vase or a geometric figure using both hands simultaneously, but keep practicing these exercises. Many musical instruments are played ambidextrously, and many athletes are adept at using both of their hands. Since swimming is an ambidextrous activity, teaching dyslectic children to swim often helps them to read and write normally because it balances the brain hemispheres. Become ambidextrous and along with an added physiological brain growth, a more balanced integration of your 2 hemispheres will be achieved. Studies have shown that ambidextrous people are more emotionally independent, more determined, more adaptable to new situations and more apt to handle problems without giving up. A new training manual with over two hundred mental exercises has recently become available for those willing to improve themselves. It is entitled, The 100% Brain Course, and it shows you how to train yourself to do extraordinary things with your mind and body. Try to build more muscles in your least dominant. If you lift weights, lift more weight or do more reps with the least dominant side of your body. 3. With your least dominant hand, practice on a sheet paper drawing straight lines and shapes. Then write the alphabets in upper case and lower case 20 times. Write the numbers 0-9 20 times. [edit] Tips †¢ The only time you shouldnt use your least dominant hand is when time is of the essence or when a polished presentation is required. For example, if you are in school then you dont want to hand in a sloppy essay. †¢ Take up juggling, which promotes use of both hands.

Violence And Pornography Essays - Pornography, Sex-positive Feminism

Violence and Pornography Pornography -- Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outraged by the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young, beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During his detention in various penitentiaries, he was mentally probed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of his violent actions and sexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his murderous escapades. However, the strongest and most feasible of these theories came not from the psychologists, but from the man himself, ?as a teenager, my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, I became more and more interested and involved in it, [pornography] became an obsession. I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate [porn] into my life, but I couldn't behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fulfill my fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I had burried inside myself? (Leidholdt 47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in more unstable minds? According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcher in the pornography field, ?the relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women is much stonger statistically than the relationship between smoking and cancer? (Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, and other sex crimes over the last few decades, and also the corresponding increase of business in the pornography industry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified, it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that can leac to violent behavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be able to link it to violence, we must first come to a basic and agreeable understanding of what the word pornography means. The term pornogrpahy originates from two greek words, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, which means to write (Webster's 286). My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures. At the present date, the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature, photography, films, and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. For Catherine Itzin's research purposes pornogrpahy has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being ?talked down' to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does ?erotica' show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third ?erotica', is harmless (22). These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing categories, previously discussed. Soft core pornography is thought to be harmless and falls into the category known as ?erotica'; which is the category based on mutuality. In hard core pornogrpahy, commonly rated XXX, you can see graphic depiction's of violent sexual acts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexual gratification from the Violence And Pornography Essays - Pornography, Sex-positive Feminism Violence and Pornography Pornography -- Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outraged by the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young, beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During his detention in various penitentiaries, he was mentally probed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of his violent actions and sexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his murderous escapades. However, the strongest and most feasible of these theories came not from the psychologists, but from the man himself, ?as a teenager, my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, I became more and more interested and involved in it, [pornography] became an obsession. I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate [porn] into my life, but I couldn't behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fulfill my fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I had burried inside myself? (Leidholdt 47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in more unstable minds? According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcher in the pornography field, ?the relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women is much stonger statistically than the relationship between smoking and cancer? (Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, and other sex crimes over the last few decades, and also the corresponding increase of business in the pornography industry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified, it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that can leac to violent behavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be able to link it to violence, we must first come to a basic and agreeable understanding of what the word pornography means. The term pornogrpahy originates from two greek words, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, which means to write (Webster's 286). My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures. At the present date, the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature, photography, films, and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. For Catherine Itzin's research purposes pornogrpahy has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being ?talked down' to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does ?erotica' show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third ?erotica', is harmless (22). These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing categories, previously discussed. Soft core pornography is thought to be harmless and falls into the category known as ?erotica'; which is the category based on mutuality. In hard core pornogrpahy, commonly rated XXX, you can see graphic depiction's of violent sexual acts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexual gratification from the

Adolf Hitler Summary Essays

Adolf Hitler Summary Essays Adolf Hitler Summary Paper Adolf Hitler Summary Paper Essay Topic: Bad Boy a Memoir Adolf Hitler (German: [? ad? lf ? h? tl? ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state (as Fuhrer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most commonly associated with the rise offascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust. A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 Hitler attempted a coup detat, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, at the Burgerbraukeller beer hall in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor in 1933 and transformed theWeimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. Hitlers avowed aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. His foreign and domestic policies had the goal of seizing Lebensraum (living space) for the Germanic people. He oversaw the rearmament of Germany and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in September 1939, which led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. 2] Under Hitlers direction, in 1941 German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. These gains were gradually reversed after 1941, and in 1945 the Allied armies defeated the German army. Hitlers racially motivated policies resulted in the deaths of as many as 17 million people,[3] including an estimated six million Jews and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma targeted in the Holocaust. [4] In the final days of th e war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945- less than two days later- the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. [5] Ancestry Adolfs mother, Klara Hitlers father, Alois Hitler, was an illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The name of Alois father was not listed on Alois birth certificate, and he bore his mothers surname. [6][7] In 1842 Johann Georg Hiedler married Maria, and in 1876 Johann testified before a notary and three witnesses that he was the father of Alois. [8]Despite his testimony, the question of Alois paternity remained unresolved. For example, Hans Frank suggested the existence of letters claiming that Alois mother was employed as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and that the familys 19-year-old son, Leopold Frankenberger, had fathered Alois. [7] No Frankenberger, Jewish or otherwise, is registered in Graz for that period. [9] This claim remained unsupported, however, and Frank himself did not believe that Hitler had Jewish ancestry. [10] The suggestion that Alois father was Jewish was also doubted by historians in the 1990s,[11][12] and Ian Kershaw dismisses the Frankenberger story as a smear by Hitlers adversaries. Kershaw noted that there was no evidence for a family named Frankenberger living in Graz at the time. All Jews had been expelled from Graz under Maximilian I in the 15th century, and were not allowed to settle in Styria until the Basic Laws were passed in 1849. [9][12] At age 39 Alois assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled as Hiedler, Huttler, or Huettler; the name was probably regularised to its final spelling by a clerk. The origin of the name is either one who lives in a hut (Standard German Hutte), shepherd (Standard German huten to guard, English heed), or is from the Slavic wordsHidlar and Hidlarcek. 13] Childhood Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at around 6:30 pm at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Ranshofen,[14] a village annexed in 1938 to the municipality ofBraunau am Inn, Upper Austria. He was the third of five children to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. Adolfs older siblings – Gustav and Ida – died in infancy. [15]Psychologist Erich Fromm describes th e mother and father as stable, well-intentioned people. [16] Hitler was attached to his mother, who is thought to have pampered him in his early years. His father was a hard-working self-made man who secured a comfortable livelihood for the family. Though often described as a tyrant, Alois character conformed to the authoritarian type of his age, milieu, and class. [17] Adolf Hitler as an infant (c. 1889/1890) At the age of three, his family moved to Kapuzinerstrasse 5[18] in Passau, Germany. There, Hitler would acquire the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect, rather thanAustrian German, which marked his speech all of his life. [19][20][21] In 1894, the family relocated to Leonding near Linz, and in June 1895, Alois retired to a small landholding at Hafeld near Lambach, where he tried his hand at farming and beekeeping. Adolf attended school in nearby Fischlham, and in his free time, he played Cowboys and Indians. Hitler became fixated on warfare after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War among his fathers belongings. [22][23] The move to Hafeld appears to have coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflicts, because Adolf refused to conform to strict school discipline. [24] Alois Hitlers farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. Hitler attended a Catholic school in an 11th-century Benedictine cloister, the walls of which bore engravings and crests that contained the symbol of the swastika. [18] In Lambach the eight-year-old Hitler sang in the church choir, took singing lessons, and even entertained thoughts of one day becoming a priest. [25] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. The death of his younger brother,Edmund from measles on 2 February 1900 deeply affected Hitler. He changed from being confident and outgoing and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought his father and his teachers. 26] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to a unforgiving antagonism between father and son who were both equally strong-willed. [27][28][29] Ignoring his son s desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, in September 1900 his father sent Adolf to the Realschule in Linz, a technical high school of about 300 students. This was the same high school that Adolf Eichmann would attend some 17 years later. )[30] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and inMein Kampf revealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream. [31] Hitler became obsessed with German nationalism from a young age as a way to rebel against his father, who proudly served the Austrian government. Although many Austrians considered themselvesGermans, they were loyal to Austria. Hitler expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg Monarchy and its rule over an ethnically-variegated empire. [32][33] Hitler and his friends used the German greeting Heil, and sang the German anthem Deutschland Uber Alles instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem. [34] After Alois sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitlers behaviour at the technical school became even more disruptive, and he was asked to leave in 1904. He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, but upon completing his second year, he and his friends went out for a night of celebration and drinking. While drunk, Hitler tore up his school certificate and used the pieces as toilet paper. The stained certificate was brought to the attention of the schools principal, who gave him such a dressing-down that the boy was reduced to shivering jelly. It was probably the most painful and humiliating experience of his life. [35] Hitler was expelled, never to return to school again. At age 15, Hitler took part in his First Communion on Whitsunday, 22 May 1904, at the Linz Cathedral. [36] His sponsor was Emanuel Lugert, a friend of his late father. 37] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna with financial support from orphans benefits and his mother. He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907–1908), because of his unfitness for painting, and was recommended to study architecture. [38] However, he lacked the academic credentials required for architecture school: In a few days I myself knew that I should some day become an architect. To be sure, it was an incredibly hard road; for the studies I had neglected out of spite at the Realschule were sorely needed. One could not attend the Academys architectural school without having attended the building school at the Technik, and the latter required a high-school degree. I had none of all this. The fulfilment of my artistic dream seemed physically impossible. [39] The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich. Adolf Hitler, 1914 On 21 December 1907, Hitlers mother died of breast cancer at age 47; Hitler was devastated, and carried the grief from her death with him for the rest of his life. Ordered by a court in Linz, Hitler gave his share of the orphans benefits to his sister Paula, and at the age of 21, he inherited money from an aunt. He struggled as a painter in Vienna, copying scenes from postcards and selling his paintings to merchants and tourists. After being rejected a second time by the Academy of Arts, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he lived in a shelter for the homeless, and by 1910, he had settled into a house for poor working men on Meldemannstra? e. Another resident of the shelter, Reinhold Hanisch, sold Hitlers paintings, until the two men had a bitter falling-out. [40] Hitler stated that he first became an antisemite in Vienna,[41] which had a large Jewish community, including Orthodox Jews who had fled the pogroms inRussia. There were few Jews in Linz. In the course of centuries their outward appearance had become Europeanised and had taken on a human look; in fact, I even took them for Germans. The absurdity of this idea did not dawn on me because I saw no distinguishing feature but the strange religion. The fact that they had, as I believed, been persecuted on this account sometimes almost turned my distaste at unfavorable remarks about them into horror. Thus far I did not so much as suspect the existence of an organized opposition to the Jews. Then I came to Vienna. 41] Once, as I was strolling through the Inner City, I suddenly encountered an apparition in a black caftan and black hair locks. Is this a Jew? was my first thought. For, to be sure, they had not looked like that in Linz. I observed the man furtively and cautiously, but the longer I stared at this foreign face, scrutinizing feature for feature, the more my first question assumed a new form: Is this a German? [42] Hitlers account has been questioned by his childhood friend, August Kubizek, who suggested that Hitler was already a confirmed antisemite before he left Linz for Vienna. Brigitte Hamann has challenged his account, writing that of all those early witnesses who can be taken seriously Kubizek is the only one to portray young Hitler as an anti-Semite and precisely in this respect he is not trustworthy. [43] If Hitler was an antisemite even before settling in Vienna, apparently he did not act on his views. He was a frequent dinner guest in a wealthy Jewish home: he interacted well with Jewish merchants, and sold his paintings almost exclusively to Jewish dealers. [44][45] At the time Hitler lived there, Vienna was a hotbed of traditional religious prejudice and 19th-century racism. Fears of been overrun by immigrants from the East were widespread and the populist mayor,Karl Lueger, was adept at exploiting the rhetoric of virulent antisemitism for political effect. Georg Schonerers pangermanic ethnic antisemitism had a strong following and base in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived. [46] Local newspapers like the Deutsches Volksblatt, which Hitler read, fanned prejudices, as did Rudolf Vrbas writings, which played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of eastern Jews. [47] He probably read occult writings, like the antisemitic magazine Ostara, published by Lanz von Liebenfels. 48] Hostile to what he saw as Catholic Germanophobia, he developed a strong admiration for Luther. [49] Luthers foundational antisemitic writings were to play an important role in later Nazi propaganda. [50] Hitler received the final part of his fathers estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich. He wrote in Mein Kampf that he had always longed to live in a real German city. In Munich he further pursued his interest in architecture and studied the writings of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who, a decade later, was to become the first person of national- and even international- repute to align himself with Hitler and the Nazi movement. 51] Hitler also may have left Vienna to avoid conscription into the Austrian army; he was disinclined to serve the Habsburg state and was repulsed by what he perceived as a mixture of races in the Austrian army. [52] After a physical exam on 5 February 1914, he was deemed unfit for service and returned to Munich. [53] When Germany entered World War I in August 1914, he successfully petitioned King Ludwig III of Bavaria for permission to serve in a Bavarian regiment. [54] World War I Main article: Military career of Adolf Hitler Hitler served as a runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16. He experienced major combat, including the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele. [55] Hitler with his army comrades of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (c. 1914–1918) Hitler was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914. Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, on 4 August 1918,[56] a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitlers rank (Gefreiter). Hitlers post at regimental headquarters, where he had frequent interactions with senior officers, may have helped him receive this decoration. [57] The regimental staff, however, thought Hitler lacked leadership skills, and he was never promoted. He also received the Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [58] While serving at regimental headquarters Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. In October 1916 he was wounded either in the groin area[59] or the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners dugout during the Battle of the Somme. 60] Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz. He returned to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [61] Adolf Hitler as a soldier during the First World War (1914–1918) On 15 October 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack. [62] It has been suggested that his blindness may have been an hysterical symptom brought on by the shock at the rapid reversal of German ys war fortunes. [63] He was hospitalised in Pasewalk. Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort. It was during this time that Hitlers ideological development began to firmly take shape. [64] According to Lucy Dawidowicz, Hitlers intention to exterminate Europes Jews took definitive shape by the end of World War I. [65] Hitler described the war as the greatest of all experiences, and he was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [66] The experience made Hitler a passionate German patriot, and he was shocked by Germanys capitulation in November 1918. [67] Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the Dolchsto? egende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the German army, undefeated in the field, had been stabbed in the back on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the November Criminals. [68] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty - especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war- as a humiliation. 69]The economic, social, and political conditions in Germany effected by the war and the Versailles treaty were later exploited by Hitler for political gains. [70] Entry into politics Main article: Adolf Hitlers political views After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he attended the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner. [71] After the suppression of theBavarian Soviet Republic, he took part in national thinking courses organised by the Education and Propaganda Department of the Bavarian Reichswehr under Captain Karl Mayr. 72] In July 1919 Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklarungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate theGerman Workers Party (DAP). While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with founder A nton Drexlers antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas. [73]Drexler favoured a strong active government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Drexler was impressed with Hitlers oratory skills and invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919,[74] becoming the partys 55th member. [75] A copy of Adolf Hitlers German Workers Party (DAP) membership card At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and a member of the occult Thule Society. [76] Eckart became Hitlers mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing Hitler to a wide range of people in Munich society. [77] Hitler thanked Eckart and paid tribute to him in the second volume ofMein Kampf. To increase the partys appeal, the party changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP). 78] Hitler designed the partys banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [79] Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920, and he began working full time for the party. By early 1921 Hitler had become highly effective at speaking to large audiences. In February 1921 Hitler spoke to a crowd of over six thousand in Munich. [80] To pub licise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy, polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [81] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic. [82] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the DAP in Munich. Members of the DAPs executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). 83] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July 1921 and angrily tendered his resignation from the DAP. The committee members then realised that Hitlers resignation would mean the end of the party. [84] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [85] The committee agreed to his demands; Hitler rejoined the party as member 3,680. Hitler still faced some oppos ition within the DAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. 85][a] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself to thunderous applause. Hitlers strategy proved successful: at a general DAP membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast. [87] Hitlers vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. Early followers included Rudolf Hess, the former air force pilot Hermann Goring, and the army captain Ernst Rohm. The latter became head of the Nazis paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, Storm Division), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung,[88][page needed] a conspiratorial group formed of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced him to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism. [89] Hitler attracted the attention of local business interests. He was accepted into influential circles of Munich society and became associated with wartime General Erich Ludendorff. Drawing of Hitler (30 October 1923) Beer Hall Putsch Main article: Beer Hall Putsch Encouraged by his new support, Hitler recruited Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Hitler Putsch or MunichPutsch). The Nazi Party had used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies, and in 1923, Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolinis March on Rome by staging his own Campaign in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavarias de factoruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Sei? er) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [90] Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support. [91] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Burgerbraukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahrs speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. 92] With his handgun drawn, Hitler demanded the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [92]Hitlers forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, neither the army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [93] Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and fled to join the opposition to Hitler. [94] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government on their March on Berlin, but the police dispersed them. 95] Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup. [96] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts he contemplated suicide; this state of mind has been disputed by others. [97] Hitler was depressed but calm when he was arrested on 11 November 1923. [98] He was tried for high treason before the special Peoples Court in Munich,[99] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. Hitlers trial began on 26 February 1924; on 1 April 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. 100]Hitler received friendly treatment from the guards and received a lot of mail from supporters. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutors objections. [101] Including time on remand, Hitler had served j ust over one year in prison. [102] Mein Kampf Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (1926–1927) Main article: Mein Kampf While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle, originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. 102] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called my Bible. [103] Mein Kampfwas published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, selling about 240,000 copies between 1925 and 1934. By the end of the war, about 10 million copies had been sold or distributed. The copyright of Mein Kampf in Europe is claimed by the Free State of Bavaria and will end on 31 December 2015. In Germany, only heavily commented editions of Mein Kampf are available- solely for academic studies. Rebuilding the NSDAP Hitler (left), standing behindHermann Goring at a Nazi rally inNuremberg (c. 1928) At the time of Hitlers release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved. This limited Hitlers opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the NSDAP and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with Prime Minister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state: he would only seek political power through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to be lifted[104] on 16 February 1925, but Hitler was barred from public speaking as of 9 March. [105] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser along with his brother Otto and Joseph Goebbels to organise and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany. A superb organiser, Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist element in the partys programme. [106] Hitler established an autocratic rule of the NSDAP by asserting the Fuhrerprinzip (Leader principle). What emerged was a political organisation where rank in the party was determined not by elections, but rather positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [107] A key element of Hitlers appeal was his ability to evoke a sense of violated national pride as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans strongly resented the terms of the treaty, especially the economic burden of having to pay large reparations to other countries affected by World War I. Nonetheless, attempts by Hitler to win popular support by blaming the demands and assertions in the treaty on international Jewry were largely unsuccessful with the electorate. Therefore, Hitler and his party began employing more subtle propaganda methods, combining antisemitism with an attack on the failures of the Weimar system and the parties supporting it. [citation needed] Having failed in overthrowing the republic and gaining power by a coup, Hitler changed tactics and pursued a strategy of formally adhering to the rules of the Weimar Republic until he had gained political power through regular elections. His vision was to then use the institutions of the Weimar Republic to destroy it and establish himself as autocratic leader. Rise to power Main article: Adolf Hitlers rise to power Nazi Party election results DateTotal votesVotes, percentageReichstag seatsNotes May 1924 1,918,300[108] 6. 532[108] Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300[108] 3. 014[108] Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100[109] 2. 612[109] September 1930 6,409,600[109] 18. 3[110] 107[109] After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000[111] 37. 3[110] 230[111] After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 1,737,00033. 1[112] 196[113] March 1933 17,277,180[114] 43. 9[115] 288[115] During Hitlers term as Chancellor of Germany Bruning administration Hitler and NSDAP treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz at the dedication of the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Stra? e in Munich into the Brown Househeadquarters, December 1930 Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler. Hitlers political turning point came wi th the Great Depression in Germany in 1930. The Weimar Republic had difficulty taking root in German society and faced strong challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. The moderate political parties committed to the democratic parliamentary republic were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 had helped to elevate the profile and prominence of Nazi ideology. [116]In elections in September 1930, the moderates lost their majority, leading to the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement by a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Bruning of the Centre Party, governed through emergency decrees from the president of state, Paul von Hindenburg. Tolerated by most parties, governance by decree would become the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian forms of government. [117] The NSDAP rose from relative obscurity to win 18. 3% of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in the German parliament. [118] The increasing political clout of Hitler was felt at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Leutnants Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, in the autumn of 1930. Both were charged with membership of the NSDAP, which at that time was illegal for Reichswehr personnel. 119] The prosecution argued that the NSDAP was a dangerous extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify in court. [120] During his testimony on 25 September 1930, Hitler stated that his party was planning to come to power solely through democratic elections and that the NSDAP was a friend of the Reichswehr. [121] Hitlers testimony won him many supporters in the officer corps. [122] Brunings budgetary and financial austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. 123] Hitler exploited this weakness by targeting his political messages specifically to the segments of the population that had been hard hit by the inflation of the 1920s and the unemployment of the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [124] Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but at the time did not acquire German citizenship. For almost seven years Hitler was stateless, so he was unable to run for public office and even faced the risk of deportation. 125] On 25 February 1932 the interior minister of Brunswick, who was a member of the NSDAP, appointed Hitler as administrator for the states delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick,[126]and thus of Germany as well. [127] In 1932 Hitler ran against the ageing President Paul von Hindenburg in the presidential elections. The viability of his candidacy was underscored by a 27 January 1932 speech to the Industry Club in Dusseldorf, which won him support from a broad swath of Germanys most powerful industrialists. 128] However, Hindenburg had broad support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties and even some social democrats. Hitler used the campaign slogan Hitler uber Deutschland (Hitler over Germany), a reference to both his political ambitions and to his campaigning by aircraft. [129] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35% of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a credible force in German politics. [130] In September 1931 Hitlers niece, Geli Raubal, committed suicide with Hitlers gun in his Munich apartment. Geli was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Hitler, and it is believed that her death was a source of deep, lasting pain for him. [131] Appointment as Chancellor Because of the difficulties of forming a stable and effective government, two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, as well as a number of industrialists and businessmen, including Hjalmar Schacht and Fritz Thyssen, wrote to Hindenburg, urging him to appoint Hitler as leader of a government independent from parliamentary parties which could turn into a movement that would enrapture millions of people. [132][133] Hitler, at the window of the Reich Chancellery, receives an ovation on the evening of his inauguration as Chancellor, 30 January 1933 After two parliament elections- in July and November 1932- had failed to result in a majority government, President Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler chancellor of a coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenbergs party, the Ge rman National Peoples Party (DNVP). As a concession to the NSDAP, Hermann Goring, who was head of the Prussian police at the time, was named minister without portfolio. So although von Papen intended to install Hitler merely as a figurehead, the NSDAP gained key political positions. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor during a brief and simple ceremony in Hindenburgs office. Hitlers first speech as Chancellortook place on 10 February. The Nazis seizure of power subsequently became known as the Machtergreifung or Machtubernahme. Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by his political opponents to uild a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, Hitler asked President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire,[134] and since Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch independent communist, was found in the burning building, a communist plot was blamed for the fire. The central government responded with the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, which suspended basic rights, incl uding habeas corpus. Activities of theGerman Communist Party were suppressed, and communist party members were arrested, forced to flee, or murdered. [citation needed] Besides political campaigning, the NSDAP used paramilitary violence and spread of anti-communist propaganda on the days preceding the election. On election day, 6 March 1933, the NSDAP increased its result to 43. 9% of the vote, gaining the largest number of seats in parliament. However, Hitlers party failed to secure an absolute majority, thus again necessitating a coalition with the DNVP. [135] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at Potsdams garrison church. This Day of Potsdam was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and unity between the revolutionary Nazi movement and Old Prussia with its elites and perceived virtues. Hitler appeared in a tail coat and humbly greeted the aged President Hindenburg. [136] In the Nazis quest for full political control- they had failed to gain an absolute majority in the prior parliamentary election- Hitlers government brought the Ermachtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag. The legislation gave Hitlers cabinet full legislative powers for a period of four years. Although such a bill was not unprecedented, this act was different since it allowed for deviations from the constitution. [136] Since the bill required a ? majority to pass, the government needed the support of other parties. The position of the Centre Party, the third largest party in theReichstag, turned out to be decisive: under the leadership of Ludwig Kaas, the party decided to vote for the Enabling Act. It did so in return for the governments oral guarantees of the Catholic Churchs liberty, the concordats signed by German states, and the continued existence of the Centre Party. [137] On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled in a replacement building under turbulent circumstances. Several SA men served as guards inside, while large groups outside the building shouted slogans and threats toward the arriving members of parliament. Kaas announced that the Centre Party would support the bill with concerns put aside, while Social Democrat Otto Wels denounced the act in his speech. 138] At the end of the day, all parties except the Social Democrats voted in favour of the bill- the Communists, as well as several Social Democrats, were barred from attending the vote. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitlers government into a de facto dictatorship. Removal of remaining limits At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist moveme nt will go on for 1,000 years! Dont forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934[139] Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies embarked on systematic suppression of the remaining political opposition. After the dissolution of the Communist Party, the Social Democratic Party was also banned and all its assets seized. The Steel Helmets were placed under Hitlers leadership with some autonomy as an auxiliary police force. [citation needed] On 1 May, demonstrations were held, and Sturmabteilung (SA) stormtroopers demolished trade union offices. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions in the country were forced to dissolve. A new union organisation was formed, representing all workers, administrators, and company owners together as one group. This new trade union reflected the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitlers Volksgemeinschaft (community of all German people). [140] In 1934, Hitler became Germanys president under the title of Fuhrer und Reichskanzler(Leader and Chancellor of the Reich) On 14 July 1933, Hitlers Nazi Party was declared the only legal party in Germany. 140] Hitler used the SA to pressure Hugenberg into resigning, and proceeded to politically isolate Vice-Chancellor von Papen. [citation needed] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused much anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. Hitler was prompted to purge the entire SA leadership, including Ernst Rohm, and other political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasserand former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher). Th ese actions took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934, in what became known as the Night of the Long Knives. 141] While some Germans were shocked by the killing, many others saw Hitler as the one who restored order to the country. [142] On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died. In contravention to the Weimar Constitution, which called for presidential elections, and in spite of a law passed the previous day in anticipation of Hindenburgs imminent death, Hitlers cabinet declared the presidency vacant and transferred the powers of the head of state to Hitler asFuhrer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). This removed the last legal remedy by which Hitler could be dismissed, and nearly all institutional checks and balances on his power. Hitlers move also violated the Enabling Act, which had barred tampering with the office of the presidency. On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by a plebiscite with support of 84. 6% of the electorate. [143][144] As head of state, Hitler now became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The traditional loyalty oath of soldiers and sailors was altered to affirm loyalty directly to Hitler rather than to the office of commander-in-chief. 145] In early 1938, Hitler brought the armed forces under his direct control by forcing the resignation of his War Minister (formerly Defence Minister), Werner von Blombergon evidence that Blombergs new wife had a police record for prostitution. [146] Hitler also removed army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch after the SSprovided false allegations he had taken part in a homosexual relationship, which had led to blackmail. [147] The episode became known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair. Hitler replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel. By early February 1938, twelve generals (apart from Blomberg and Fritsch) were also removed. [148] Third Reich Main article: Nazi Germany Having consolidated his political powers, Hitler suppressed or eliminated his opposition by a process termed Gleichschaltung (bringing into line). He attempted to gain additional public support by vowing to reverse the effects of the Depression and the Versailles treaty. Economy and culture Increased economic activities were enabled largely by refinancing long-term debts into cheaper short-term debts and expansion of the military. [citation needed] For example, Hitlers reconstruction and rearmament were financed with currency manipulations by Hjalmar Schacht, including credits through the Mefo bills. Totenehrung (honouring of dead): Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler, and SA leader Viktor Lutze on the terrace in front of the Ehrenhalle (Hall of Honour); in the background: the crescent-shaped Ehrentribune (tribune of honour). September 1934, Nazi party rally grounds,Nuremberg Nazi policies strongly encouraged women to bear children and stay at home. In a September 1934 speech to the NS-Frauenschaft (National Socialist Womens League), Hitler argued that for the German woman, her world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home. [149][150] The Cross of Honor of the German Mother was bestowed on women bearing four or more children. The unemployment rate fell substantially, mostly through arms production, restrictions of labour unions, and women leaving the workforce. citation needed] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns, railroads, and other civil works. However, these programmes lowered the overall standard of living of workers who earlier had been unaffected by the chronic unemployment of the later Weimar Republic; wages were slightly reduced in pre–World War II years, while the cost of li ving was increased by 25%. [151]. From 1933 to 1934 wages suffered a 5% cut. [152] Hitlers government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer, instrumental in implementing Hitlers classicist reinterpretation of German culture, became the first architect of the Reich. In 1936 Hitler opened the summer Olympic games in Berlin. Hitler made some contributions to the design of the Volkswagen Beetle and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its design and construction. [153] On 20 April 1939 a lavish celebration was held for Hitlers 50th birthday, featuring military parades, visits from foreign dignitaries, Nazi banners, and thousands of flaming torches. 154] Historians such as David Schoenbaum and Henry Ashby Turner argue that Hitlers social and economic policies were modernisation that had anti-modern goals. [155]Others, including Rainer Zitelmann, have contended that Hitler had the deliberate strategy of pursuing a revolutionary modernisation of German society. [156] Rearmament and new alliances Main articles: Axis powers, Tripartite Pact, and German re-armament In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 193 3, Hitler spoke of conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. 157] In March 1933 State Secretary at the Auswartiges Amt (Foreign Office) Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bulow issued a major statement of German foreign policy aims. The statement advocated Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germanys national borders of 1914, rejection of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bulows goals to be too modest. 158] In his peace speeches of the mid-1930s, Hitler stressed the peaceful goals of his policies and willingness to work within international agreements. [159] At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [160] In October 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, and his Foreign Minister Bar onKonstantin von Neurath stated that the French demand for securite was a principal stumbling block. [161] On 25 October 1936 an Axis was declared between Italy and Germany In March 1935 Hitler rejected Part V of the Versailles treaty by announcing an expansion of the German army to 600,000 members (six times the number stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles), including development of an Air Force (Luftwaffe) and increasing the size of the Navy (Kriegsmarine). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these plans. [162] On 18 June 1935 the Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) was signed, allowing German tonnage to increase to 35% of that of the British avy. Hitler called the signing of the AGNA the happiest day of his life as he believed the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf. [163] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and putting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [164] On 13 September 1935 Hitler ordered Dr. Bernhard Losener and Fr anz Albrecht Medicus of the Interior Ministry to start drafting antisemitic laws for Hitler to bring to the floor of the Reichstag. 165] On 15 September, Hitler presented two laws- known as the Nuremberg Laws- before the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans, and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws deprived so-called non-Aryans of the benefits of German citizenship. [165] Hitler with Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Heinrich Himmler, andReinhard Heydrich in Vienna, 1938 In March 1936 Hitler reoccupied the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland, in violation the Versailles treaty. Hitler sent troops to Spain to support General Franco after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [166] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler issued a memorandum orderingHermann Goring to carry out a Four Year Plan to have Germany ready for war within the next four years. 167] The Four-Year Plan Memorandum laid out an imminent all-out struggle between Judeo-Bolshevism and German National Socialism, which in Hitlers view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [168] On 25 October 1936 Count Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Benito Mussolinis government, declared an axis between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. By late 1937 Hitler had abandoned his dream of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming inadequate British leadership. [169] On 5 November 1937 Hitler held a secret meeting at the Reich Chancellery with his war and foreign ministers and military chiefs. As recorded in the Hossbach Memorandum, Hitler stated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum (living space) for the German people, and ordered preparations for war in the east, which would commence no later than 1943. Hitler stated that the conference minutes were to be regarded as his political testament in the event of his death. 170] Hitler said that the crisis of the German economy had reached a point that a severe decline in living standards in Germany could only be stopped by a policy of military aggression- seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia. [171][172] Hitler urged quick action, before Britain and France obtained a permanent lead in the arms race. [171] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus and the abolition of the War Ministry and its replacement by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW). He dismissed Neurath as Foreign Minister on 4 February 1938, and assumed the role and title of theOberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed forces). [167] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy that had war as its ultimate aim. [173] The Holocaust The Holocaust Part of: Jewish history Responsibility[show] Early policies[show] Victims[show] Ghettos[show] Atrocities[show] Camps[show] Resistance[show]